• Login
    • Join
  • FOLLOW:
  • Subscribe Free
    • Magazine
    • eNewsletter
    Checkout
    • Magazine
    • News
    • Manufacturing
    • Packaging
    • Development
    • Compliance
    • Top 20
    • Directory
    • Microsites
    • Events
    • More
  • Magazine
  • News
  • Manufacturing
  • Packaging
  • Development
  • Compliance
  • Top 20
  • Directory
  • Microsites
  • Events
  • Current / Back Issue
    Features
    Editorial
    Columns
    Digital Edition
    eNewsletter Archive
    Our Team
    Editorial Guidelines
    Subscribe Now
    Advertise Now
    Top Features
    SARS-CoV-2 R&D: Is It Over?

    Sustainability: A New Threat or Opportunity for CDMOs?

    Advanced Therapy Manufacturing

    Advanced Therapy Packaging Trends

    CEO Spotlight: Darren Head
    Breaking News
    Online Exclusives
    Industry News
    Collaborations & Alliances
    Promotions & Moves
    Trials & Filings
    Financial Reports
    Bio News & Views
    Custom Sourcing News
    Packaging & Tracking
    CRO News
    Live From Shows
    Top News
    Piramal Pharma Solutions New API Plant in Canada Now Online

    MG America Appoints Claudio Radossi as President

    Catalent Invests $175M to Expand Mfg. Capabilities at Winchester, KY

    Sartorius Expands Manufacturing Site in Tunisia

    BioMoti Partners with Pharma Company to Develop Ovarian Cancer Treatment
    APIs
    Aseptic Processing
    Cleaning Validation
    Clinical Trial Materials
    Cytotoxics and High Potency Manufacturing
    Equipment
    Excipients
    Extractables and Leachables
    Facilities
    Fill/Finish
    Lyophilization
    Parenterals
    Process Development
    Process Validation
    Risk Management
    Scale-up/ Technology Transfer
    Solid Dosage/ Creams/ Ointments

    Piramal Pharma Solutions New API Plant in Canada Now Online

    Selecting a CMO Partner for Sterile Injectable Manufacturing

    Catalent Invests $175M to Expand Mfg. Capabilities at Winchester, KY

    Grand Opening of Kodiak Sciences’ Bioconjugation Facility

    Vertex Expands Cell and Gene Therapy Footprint
    Capsules
    Cold Chain Management
    Injectables
    Logistics
    Serialization
    Solid Dosage / Semi-solids
    Supply Chain
    Vials

    Selecting a CMO Partner for Sterile Injectable Manufacturing

    Royalty Pharma and Jefferies Invest $111M in ApiJect

    Cryoport Acquires Cell&Co BioServices for €6.2M

    Challenges of Developing Large Volume Drug/Device Combination Products for Parenteral SC Delivery

    Yourway Adds Capacity for Controlled Ambient Storage
    Analytical Services
    Bioanalytical Services
    Bioassay Developement
    Biologics, Proteins, Vaccines
    Biosimilars
    Chemistry
    Clinical Trials
    Drug Delivery
    Drug Development
    Drug Discovery
    Formulation Development
    Information Technology
    Laboratory Testing
    Methods Development
    Microbiology
    Preclinical Outsourcing
    R&D
    Toxicology

    Selecting a CMO Partner for Sterile Injectable Manufacturing

    BioMoti Partners with Pharma Company to Develop Ovarian Cancer Treatment

    WCG Appoints Sam Srivastava CEO

    AffyXell Expands Manufacturing Partnership with GenScript ProBio

    ABL and Odimma Therapeutics Enter Development Agreement
    Filtration & Purification
    GMPs/GCPs
    Inspections
    QA/QC
    Regulatory Affairs
    Validation

    FDA Inspection Trends Update

    Phase-Appropriate cGMP Considerations for Cell and Gene Therapy

    Sustainability: A New Threat or Opportunity for CDMOs?

    In Pursuit of Sustainability: How the Biopharma Industry Can Contribute

    Conducting Clinical Trials During the Pandemic: What Did We Learn?
    Companies
    Categories
    Corporate Capabilities
    Add New Company
    Contract Service Directory Companies
    Biosynth Carbosynth

    Alcami

    CMC Pharmaceuticals

    Vector Partners Limited

    Baxter BioPharma Solutions
    Companies
    News Releases
    Posters
    Brochures
    Services
    Videos
    Case Study
    White Papers
    Jobs
    Contract Service Directory Companies
    Biosynth Carbosynth

    Alcami

    CMC Pharmaceuticals

    Vector Partners Limited

    Baxter BioPharma Solutions
    Webinars
    Live From Shows
    • Magazine
      • Current / Back Issue
      • Features
      • Editorial
      • Columns
      • Editorial Guidelines
      • Subscribe Now
      • Advertise Now
      • Enewsletter Archive
      • Digital Edition
    • Directory
      • Companies
      • Categories
      • Corporate Capabilities
      • Add Your Company
    • Manufacturing
      • APIs
      • Aseptic Processing
      • Cleaning Validation
      • Clinical Trial Materials
      • Cytotoxics and High Potency Manufacturing
      • Equipment
      • Excipients
      • Extractables and Leachables
      • Facilities
      • Fill/Finish
      • Lyophilization
      • Parenterals
      • Process Development
      • Process Validation
      • Risk Management
      • Scale-up/ Technology Transfer
      • Solid Dosage/ Creams/ Ointments
      • cGMP Manufacture
    • Packaging
      • Capsules
      • Cold Chain Management
      • Injectables
      • Logistics
      • Serialization
      • Solid Dosage / Semi-solids
      • Supply Chain
      • Vials
    • Development
      • Analytical Services
      • Bioanalytical Services
      • Bioassay Developement
      • Biologics, Proteins, Vaccines
      • Biosimilars
      • Chemistry
      • Clinical Trials
      • Drug Delivery
      • Drug Development
      • Drug Discovery
      • Formulation Development
      • Information Technology
      • Laboratory Testing
      • Methods Development
      • Microbiology
      • Preclinical Outsourcing
      • R&D
      • Toxicology
    • Compliance
      • Filtration & Purification
      • GMPs/GCPs
      • Inspections
      • QA/QC
      • Regulatory Affairs
      • Validation
    • Top 25 Pharma & BioPharma
    • Contract Pharma Direct
    • Breaking News
    • Online Exclusives
    • Slideshows
    • Experts Opinions
    • Surveys
      • Outsourcing Survey
      • Salary Survey
    • Glossary
    • Videos
    • White Papers
    • Podcasts
    • Infographics
    • Supplier Microsite
      • Companies
      • News Releases
      • Posters
      • Brochures
      • Services
      • Videos
      • Case Study
      • White Papers
    • Contract Pharma Conference
      • Contract Pharma Conference
      • Speakers
      • Exhibitors
      • Conference Sessions
    • eBook
    • Webinars
    • Events
      • Industry Events
      • Live from Show Events
      • Webinars
    • Classifieds / Job Bank
      • Classifieds
      • Job Bank
    • About Us
      • About Us
      • Contact Us
      • Advertise With Us
      • Privacy Policy
      • Terms of Use
    Expert's Opinion

    Designing a Successful Oligonucleotide Facility

    Five questions you probably aren’t asking, but should

    Designing a Successful Oligonucleotide Facility
    Related CONTENT
    • Vetio Animal Health
    • GSK Invests $120M in Next-Gen US Bio Manufacturing Facility
    • Continued and Consistent Investment in Manufacturing Facilities
    • Quality Metrics Feedback
    • FDA Extends CRADA with CluePoints
    Chelsea Stramel, Architectural Designer and Jake Adams, Process Engineer , CRB10.04.19
    If you work with oligonucleotides, chances are you’ve felt it: That sense of anticipation, like the moment before the starting pistol in an Olympic sprint. Something exceptional is about to happen. Regulators are now approving therapies designed to overcome the challenges of the body’s annihilating digestive system and successfully reach the target cellular level. Next stop, commercialization. The whole industry is poised in the starting blocks, ready to surge ahead.
     
    What does that surge look like? For many, it’s a new or expanded manufacturing facility. This means thinking about production volumes, equipment sizing, and overall methodologies—the big, mission-critical questions, which require big, mission-critical plans. These are not the only questions, though. Arguably, they aren’t even the most important, because they often overlook a key element: the employee using the process machinery.
     
    As any good coach will tell you, no races are won solely thanks to high-tech gear or trending nutritional regimes. Races are won because of one individual’s singular, well-paced effort over time. That’s true on the track, and it’s true in the oligo manufacturing facility. To win the race—to help more patients manage their genetic disorder—you need a custom training plan, designed by an experienced coach, that addresses particular challenges on the micro level (your individual operators) as well as the macro level (your oligo facility as a whole).
     
    Consider the five questions that follow as the beginning of a training plan to ensure that you enter this race with every advantage.
     
    How is your facility likely to change in the first five years?
    Many mature bioscience facilities producing a mature drug type can map their future with relative confidence. Chances are, the drug they’re making today will be the same drug they’re making five years from now. They can make a good guess at that drug’s demand levels over time, and they have years of large-scale manufacturing experience to leverage.
     
    Oligo facilities, though, are less predictable. Think of it in terms of human years. Beyond a receding hairline and a developing interest in birdwatching, a healthy person isn’t likely to change much between 45 and 50. From infancy and age five, though, the changes are cosmic. An oligo facility, like a swaddled newborn, is all sophisticated potential, with few certainties. Your production volume may change enormously. The manufacturing technology you’re using, and the intellectual property you’re protecting, will also evolve in ways you can’t foresee. You may not even be making the same drug in five years.
     
    The planning activities that work so well for legacy manufacturers don't map as neatly to new oligo facilities. You need to detach your growth metrics from production values and find other, more predictable factors to plan around. Headcount is a good option. When other factors are so multifaceted, this projection is an easier commitment.

    Let’s say you want to grow your capacity by 40% in five years. If you have 25 people and 500 square feet today, that means 35 people and 700 square feet half a decade from now. Using those numbers, you can plan accordingly. That goes not just for the physical manufacturing space, but also for the amenities (the gym, the café, the staff training facility).
     
    These spaces broadcast an affirmative message to employees, developing their workplace satisfaction and creating a virtuous cycle of productivity and loyalty. This is especially important for oligo facilities, under pressure to meet steeply climbing market demands. In that kind of scenario, change and growth are inevitable. Starting “day one” one with a “year five” vision will ease your path through these changes.
     
    What claims will you make about the product leaving your facility?
    For facilities whose manufacturing process ends with a blister pack of pills or a twist-top bottle with a final formulation sloshing inside, this answer is simple: The product is sterile and commercial-ready. The same may not be true at your oligo facility, which could be sending an intermediate or a bulk product elsewhere for sterilization and packaging. You need to ask yourself about the claims you’re making, the potential for those claims to evolve over time, and the consequences of those claims for your facility.
     
    From these central questions branch dozens of others. Some are familiar: How and where will you store your product awaiting shipment? Will it remain stable at room temperature, or does it need to be frozen? Is it photosensitive? What are the ventilation requirements?
     
    Meanwhile, less obvious questions also jostle for attention. How do requirements on product sterility and endotoxin levels impact facility HVAC, material and personnel flow paths, and shipping and receiving functions? What is the pathway between the end product warehouse and the vehicle that will transport it?
     
    How many opportunities for contamination line that pathway and how is that risk controlled? If a custodian towing a cart of trash travels the same hallway as a lab operator rolling a cartful of end product, the impact of contamination is much greater if that end product is sterile (versus a bulk product which will undergo additional purification). Planning for these risks and understanding the impact of your facility’s claims about the end product will help to ensure that your facility is not under (or over) designed.
     
    How secure is your supply chain?
    All pharmaceutical facilities have to solve the problem of storing raw, hazardous, and expensive material safely and cost-effectively. For some, the solution is simple: Duplicate a design that exists—and works—at a similar facility. In many cases, this is a perfectly reasonable decision. A warehouse is a warehouse, after all. If engineers have already determined its optimal design for your particular type of material, why return to the drawing board?
     
    For oligo facilities, though, the drawing board is exactly the right place to begin. Synthetic nucleic acids (the major raw materials) are especially expensive, and the solvents used throughout the process are particularly hazardous. These twin qualities—high cost, high danger—clamp oligo facilities in considerable risk.
     
    Smart facility planners loosen that clamp by “designing out” as much risk as possible and ensuring that your materials are both plentiful and securely contained. It starts with a risk-based assessment of your supply chain. How will material arrive at your facility, and from where? If you’re located in an area already densely populated with biopharmaceutical manufacturers and suppliers, you can likely access a well-stocked cache raw material with little risk.
     
    What if you’ve chosen a more remote location? This may place many advantages at your doorstep—cheaper land, more space, less competition for talent and for clients. But disadvantages stalk close behind, including geographic barriers between you and your raw materials.
     
    These barriers increase your need for on-site storage, which has real impact on the design of your facility. Should you store enough material for one more batch, or enough for a month’s worth of production? Or a year? What are the code implications for your new facility in regards to storing additional materials?
     
    Protecting the materials with appropriate warehousing is one thing—protecting your workers is another. How far will those materials have to travel to reach your staging area? Based on that distance, what do you need in place to maintain safety during that journey? Do you need to design segregated corridors for moving raw materials between storage and staging, to protect unsuspecting passersby from exposure? Here, too, lie important design implications.
     
    Have you designed for your downstream purification processes?
    What makes oligos so exciting is, in part, their novelty. Thirty years of research and innovation have brought us to the point where these therapies are robust, efficient and reliable, capable of impacting lives at the cellular level.
     
    For most oligo innovators, this excitement converges in the upstream half of the oligo manufacturing process, where the dazzling science of nucleotide drug production puts on its best primetime show. Through a cycle of chemical reactions, individual nucleotide residues are coupled, creating the desired sequence. This requires specialized synthesizers. Scaling up to commercial-level production while maintaining a high yield warrants a lot of attention, but much of the work surrounding the perfection of oligo synthesis (tweaking flow rate and pressure of reagents, reducing water quantity in solvents, etc.) doesn’t actually impact facility design as much as some people expect.
     
    Although the novel chemistry of oligo manufacturing is concentrated upstream where there are seemingly infinite possibilities and variations, that’s not where you’ll find the variations with major impacts on facility design. Those are downstream, where process flows vary significantly, particularly in terms of the purification and final formulation requirements—and that’s where you should swing the beam of your attention if you’d like to ensure product quality.
     
    Start by defining the various purification approaches. Do you need to run the same unit operations twice in the same manufacturing process – once for your crude purification and again as a final pass? If so, are two skids an advantage from an operational, HVAC, material movement, and capacity perspective? Can the purification equipment occupy the same space, or does it need to be segregated to prevent contamination? If this facility will manufacture multiple products, what additional equipment and suite turnaround steps should be considered?
     
    Understanding the design implications of potential downstream variations will ensure smart, controlled growth for your process. Design decisions that accommodate an additional piece of equipment or suite build-out are much different from those that accommodate larger equipment in the same suite. Choosing the correct path will minimize the cost and impact of future work. 
     
    Be honest. Do you need process engineering help?
    Your answers to the previous four questions will influence the way your facility operates, which in turn will influence your success. Get it right and you’ll likely find yourself smoothly growing as demand soars and more oligo products enter the market. Fantastic, right? But—what then? How can you successfully scale without compromising your process?
     
    If you’re on the verge of expanding, you’ve likely worked out the details of your tech transfer. You’ve done the math on growing the capacity of your synthesizers and the size of your chromatography skids, for example. That’s the most important part, right? Everything else—the minutiae—will sort itself out.
     
    Not necessarily. Think of those Olympians listening for the starting pistol. Think of the double-knot in their laces, the angle of their foot in the starting block, the precision of their breathing. This too is minutiae, isn’t it? Hardly noticeable to anyone. And yet, for those runners, these are the little details that count for everything.
     
    So, too, should the little details matter as you ready your facility to scale. Many of these “little” details have to do with the support functions in your facility, which are so easy to overlook, but can levy significant consequences. For example, a larger batch volume means more small parts to clean. Have you designated a place and a process for that task to be performed efficiently?
     
    It also means heavier loads for operators to carry. You can mitigate this in part by hiring someone with expertise in large-quantity solids dispensing, but without a facility design that’s meant for accommodating growing loads, your operators will end up with sore backs and your productivity will slow. You may be able to overlook this slower process if it’s only once per week, but what if your facility’s growth means that small inefficiencies become a daily drag on operations? Engineered solutions once thought frivolous may become fruitful.
     
    FDA inspectors often look for these details first, knowing that many facilities neglect them as they grow. Attention to detail will do for you what precision does for the Olympian: it will help ensure that all of your hard work and innovation on the mission-critical items has the opportunity to reach its explosive potential instead of being tripped up by an untied shoelace. The one who truly benefits, in the end, is the patient waiting for your products.
     
    Conclusion
    It’s an exciting time to be an oligo manufacturer. You’re surrounded by innovators, readying yourself to participate in one of the most anticipated and impactful breakthroughs that pharmaceutical manufacturing has known. Your objectives are Olympian in scale, and to meet them, you need Olympian-scale coaching to help you ask and then answer the most important questions.



     
    Chelsea Stramel is Architectural Designer at CRB, and can be reached at chelsea.stramel@crbusa.com.











     
    Jake Adams is a Process Engineer at CRB, and can be reached at jake.adams@crbusa.com
    Related Searches
    • it
    • fda
    • Sterile
    • Manufacturing
    Suggested For You
    Vetio Animal Health Vetio Animal Health
    GSK Invests $120M in Next-Gen US Bio Manufacturing Facility GSK Invests $120M in Next-Gen US Bio Manufacturing Facility
    Continued and Consistent Investment in Manufacturing Facilities Continued and Consistent Investment in Manufacturing Facilities
    Quality Metrics Feedback Quality Metrics Feedback
    FDA Extends CRADA with CluePoints FDA Extends CRADA with CluePoints
    Roche Wins Two Approvals for Cancer Drug Rozlytrek Roche Wins Two Approvals for Cancer Drug Rozlytrek
    NIIMBL, FDA to Advance Innovation in Bio Manufacturing NIIMBL, FDA to Advance Innovation in Bio Manufacturing
    FDA Accepts RedHill Biopharma’s NDA for Talicia FDA Accepts RedHill Biopharma’s NDA for Talicia
    Mylan Mylan
    Syndax Pharma Gets IND Clearance for Leukemia Treatment Syndax Pharma Gets IND Clearance for Leukemia Treatment
    The FDA Gets Stricter with E&L Oversight, Can the Industry Keep Up? The FDA Gets Stricter with E&L Oversight, Can the Industry Keep Up?
    Lonza to Acquire Sterile Fill and Finish Facility from Novartis  Lonza to Acquire Sterile Fill and Finish Facility from Novartis
    Sierra’s Momelotinib Granted FDA Fast Track Designation Sierra’s Momelotinib Granted FDA Fast Track Designation
    Risk-Based Monitoring Risk-Based Monitoring
    The Orphan Promise The Orphan Promise

    Related Content

    • Vetio Animal Health

      Vetio Animal Health

      ...
      John Kane, CEO 10.24.19

    • Bio News | Breaking News | Facilities | Industry News
      GSK Invests $120M in Next-Gen US Bio Manufacturing Facility

      GSK Invests $120M in Next-Gen US Bio Manufacturing Facility

      Part of nearly $400 million in US manufacturing investments to deliver on the company’s pipeline
      09.30.19

    • Biologics, Proteins, Vaccines | cGMP Manufacture | Drug Development
      Continued and Consistent Investment in Manufacturing Facilities

      Continued and Consistent Investment in Manufacturing Facilities

      As companies move their cell and gene therapies through the development process, supporting larger Phase III trials and commercial launches will be a challenge
      Ryan Carpentier, Executive Director of Business Development, Cryoport 09.23.19


    • Regulatory Affairs
      Quality Metrics Feedback

      Quality Metrics Feedback

      A look at FDA’s Quality Metrics Initiative, a complicated issue for all of pharma stakeholders
      Gil Roth, President, Pharma & Biopharma Outsourcing Association 09.16.19

    • Breaking News | Clinical Trials | Industry News | Inspections | QA/QC
      FDA Extends CRADA with CluePoints

      FDA Extends CRADA with CluePoints

      Aims to further explore a data-driven approach to quality oversight in clinical trials
      09.11.19

      Trending
      • Catalent Invests $175M To Expand Mfg. Capabilities At Winchester, KY | Contract Pharma
      • Sartorius Expands Manufacturing Site In Tunisia | Contract Pharma
      • Grand Opening Of Kodiak Sciences’ Bioconjugation Facility | Contract Pharma
      • Vertex Expands Cell And Gene Therapy Footprint | Contract Pharma
      • Emergex COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Successfully Coated Onto Zosano Micro-Needle Patch | Contract Pharma
      Breaking News
      • Piramal Pharma Solutions New API Plant in Canada Now Online
      • MG America Appoints Claudio Radossi as President
      • Catalent Invests $175M to Expand Mfg. Capabilities at Winchester, KY
      • Sartorius Expands Manufacturing Site in Tunisia
      • BioMoti Partners with Pharma Company to Develop Ovarian Cancer Treatment
      View Breaking News >
      CURRENT ISSUE

      May 2022

      • Sustainability and the Biopharma Industry
      • Contract Manufacturing During COVID
      • Orphan Drugs in the United States
      • CEO Spotlight: Peter DeYoung
      • CEO Spotlight: Darren Head
      • Advanced Therapy Packaging Trends
      • Advanced Therapy Manufacturing
      • Sustainability: A New Threat or Opportunity for CDMOs?
      • SARS-CoV-2 R&D

      Cookies help us to provide you with an excellent service. By using our website, you declare yourself in agreement with our use of cookies.
      You can obtain detailed information about the use of cookies on our website by clicking on "More information”.

      • About Us
      • Privacy Policy
      • Terms And Conditions
      • Contact Us

      follow us

      Subscribe
      Nutraceuticals World

      Latest Breaking News From Nutraceuticals World

      GOED Creates Infographic Highlighting Omega-3 Health Claims Approved in Europe
      Kyowa Hakko Appoints Dr. Colin Hill to Immuse Scientific Advisory Board
      Expert Consensus Statement: Diet is Best Primary Intervention to Achieve Diabetes Remission
      Coatings World

      Latest Breaking News From Coatings World

      Teknos Receives EcoVadis Gold Medal for Sustainability Performance
      AkzoNobel and Partners Team Up to Hack Carbon Reduction Challenges
      Five PPG Facilities in Ohio Recognized for Sustainability, Health, Safety Practices
      Medical Product Outsourcing

      Latest Breaking News From Medical Product Outsourcing

      Iterative Scopes Expands its Senior Leadership Team
      Viz.ai Raises $100 Million in Series D Funding
      FDA Clears Arterys' AI Mapping and Quantification Tools
      Contract Pharma

      Latest Breaking News From Contract Pharma

      Piramal Pharma Solutions New API Plant in Canada Now Online
      MG America Appoints Claudio Radossi as President
      Catalent Invests $175M to Expand Mfg. Capabilities at Winchester, KY
      Beauty Packaging

      Latest Breaking News From Beauty Packaging

      Authentic Beauty Concept Launches Second-Generation ‘Refill Bar’
      HASK Beauty Enters Exclusive Partnership with Amazon
      Garance Doré Launches Made in France Skincare Line
      Happi

      Latest Breaking News From Happi

      SPF Setting Spray, Lip Contour and Knotless Braids Are Hot Trends: Spate
      Nutrafol Launches Collagen Infusion
      ÄZ Craft Luxury Haircare Products Support All Hairstyles
      Ink World

      Latest Breaking News From Ink World

      Nazdar Celebrates 100 Years with a New Look
      hubergroup Chemicals Exhibits at Paint India for First Time
      Award for Sustainability: Evonik Receives Platinum Rating Again
      Label & Narrow Web

      Latest Breaking News From Label & Narrow Web

      Specialty announces move to new facility
      Mark Andy hosts dealer's open house in Warsaw
      Nazdar celebrates 100th anniversary with refreshed brand identity
      Nonwovens Industry

      Latest Breaking News From Nonwovens Industry

      3M to Expand in Nebraska
      Nicely Offers Nonwoven Slitters, Winders
      'Right' Hygiene Conference to be Held in June
      Orthopedic Design & Technology

      Latest Breaking News From Orthopedic Design & Technology

      FDA Clears Anika Therapeutics' X-Twist Knotless Fixation System
      Paragon 28 Rolls Out TenoTac 2.0 Hammertoe and Soft Tissue Repair
      Cionic Expands Scientific Advisory Board
      Printed Electronics Now

      Latest Breaking News From Printed Electronics Now

      Evonik Launches New Processing Aids for PV Wafer Cutting
      NREL Creates Highest Efficiency 1-Sun Solar Cell
      eMagin Wins People’s Choice Award at Display Week 2022

      Copyright © 2022 Rodman Media. All rights reserved. Use of this constitutes acceptance of our privacy policy The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Rodman Media.

      AD BLOCKER DETECTED

      Our website is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors.
      Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker.


      FREE SUBSCRIPTION Already a subscriber? Login