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Exploring the untapped potential presented by current biowaiver regulations.
June 7, 2021
By: jaleel shujath
Absorption Systems
Since 2000, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has advocated the use of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) as a regulatory mechanism for the waiver of bioequivalence (BE) studies in the development of new, orally dosed drugs and generic compounds. Over the following two decades, biowaivers have been extended to cover bioavailability (BA) and BE studies for a wider range of compounds, yet the take-up of this expanded opportunity has been relatively light. Pharmaceutical companies regularly employ biowaivers for Class I compounds (those that demonstrate high permeability and solubility), but they are failing to capitalize on the opportunity for new drug submissions, as well as those that fall into the Class III category (high solubility and low permeability). COVID-19 has undoubtedly amplified the usefulness of systems that expedite drug development and minimize the use of human studies. So, how do pharmaceutical organizations make best use of the biowaiver toolkits available and take these learnings into future drug development programs? This article discusses the untapped potential presented by the current biowaiver regulations, how and when they can be used to expedite new drug development, and the pitfalls that must be avoided for smooth and rapid regulatory approval. The problem with oral drug absorption and in vivo trials Drug absorption is a key component of a drug’s safety and efficacy profile; if it is absorbed too quickly, then adverse outcomes can emerge, too slowly and the effects may be insufficient. Unlike intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous drug delivery mechanisms that bypass the gastrointestinal (GI) system, oral drug absorption is much more complex, impacted by in vivo conditions, such as gastric emptying, the pH range in the GI tract, the transit time across the intestinal wall and first-pass metabolism. For this reason, BA studies were developed as part of human clinical trials to establish the rate and extent of the absorption of orally administered drugs and determine the optimal dose concentrations. In traditional BA studies, pharmacokinetic parameters are measured in vivo, such as the Cmax value, a measure of peak plasma concentration, and area under curve (AUC), as an indication of the drug exposure and clearance rate. Although these tests are effective, they require time-consuming, expensive human clinical studies. What’s more, when drugs are extensively metabolized, in vivo trial costs can escalate with the addition of urinary and fecal recovery and metabolite analysis. Certain drugs, such as highly variable or addictive compounds and those that carry severe side effects, also present ethical concerns around extensive human trials. For immediate release (IR) BCS Class I or III drugs with predictable bioavailability profiles, biowaivers present a safer, faster and more cost-effective way to demonstrate drug absorption. What are biowaivers and why are they important? The BCS was developed as a regulatory mechanism for drug developers to obtain waivers of clinical BA/BE studies for IR, solid, orally dosed drugs, while still maintaining high standards for therapeutic equivalence.1 BCS divides compounds into four categories based on their dissolution, permeability and solubility (see Figure 1). Class I drugs, such as propranolol, verapamil and metoprolol, exhibit rapid dissolution, and are categorized as highly soluble and permeable. Since none of these determinants are limiting, oral absorption will be complete at 85% or more if the compound is stable in the GI tract and excipients do not significantly affect the absorption of the active ingredient.2 These characteristics led to BCS Class I drugs being determined early in the advocation of the BCS method as compounds with in vivo bioavailability that can be easily predicted in vitro.
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