• Login
    • Join
  • FOLLOW:
  • Subscribe Free
    • Magazine
    • eNewsletter
    Checkout
    • Magazine
    • News
    • Manufacturing
    • Packaging
    • Development
    • Compliance
    • Top 25
    • Directory
    • Microsites
    • Events
    • More
  • Magazine
  • News
  • Manufacturing
  • Packaging
  • Development
  • Compliance
  • Top 25
  • Directory
  • Microsites
  • Events
  • Current / Back Issue
    Features
    Editorial
    Columns
    Digital Edition
    eNewsletter Archive
    Our Team
    Editorial Guidelines
    Subscribe Now
    Advertise Now
    Top Features
    Hygienic Packaging Technology

    Trends in Solid Oral Dosage Delivery

    5 Reasons Paper Has No Place in Contract Manufacturing

    Injectable Drug Delivery Trends

    Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Equipment Trends
    Breaking News
    Online Exclusives
    Industry News
    Collaborations & Alliances
    Promotions & Moves
    Trials & Filings
    Financial Reports
    Bio News & Views
    Custom Sourcing News
    Packaging & Tracking
    CRO News
    Live From Shows
    Top News
    Amgen to Acquire Five Prime Therapeutics for $1.9B

    Genesis Drug Discovery & Development Acquires Integrated Analytical Solutions

    CureVac, Novartis Ink COVID Vax Mfg. Pact

    Innoforce and dMed Enter Development Collaboration

    Matica Biotechnology Breaks Ground on Cell and Gene Therapy Site
    APIs
    Aseptic Processing
    Cleaning Validation
    Clinical Trial Materials
    Cytotoxics and High Potency Manufacturing
    Equipment
    Excipients
    Extractables and Leachables
    Facilities
    Fill/Finish
    Lyophilization
    Parenterals
    Process Development
    Process Validation
    Risk Management
    Scale-up/ Technology Transfer
    Solid Dosage/ Creams/ Ointments

    Reed-Lane Facility Virtual Tour

    CureVac, Novartis Ink COVID Vax Mfg. Pact

    Matica Biotechnology Breaks Ground on Cell and Gene Therapy Site

    WuXi AppTec Completes OXGENE Acquisition

    Trends in Solid Oral Dosage Delivery
    Capsules
    Cold Chain Management
    Injectables
    Logistics
    Serialization
    Solid Dosage / Semi-solids
    Supply Chain
    Vials

    Reed-Lane Facility Virtual Tour

    Hygienic Packaging Technology

    Reshaping the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain

    Serialization: Level 5 Solution

    Covectra Introduces Next-Gen Serialization Solution
    Analytical Services
    Bioanalytical Services
    Bioassay Developement
    Biologics, Proteins, Vaccines
    Biosimilars
    Chemistry
    Clinical Trials
    Drug Delivery
    Drug Development
    Drug Discovery
    Formulation Development
    Information Technology
    Laboratory Testing
    Methods Development
    Microbiology
    Preclinical Outsourcing
    R&D
    Toxicology

    Genesis Drug Discovery & Development Acquires Integrated Analytical Solutions

    Innoforce and dMed Enter Development Collaboration

    Matica Biotechnology Breaks Ground on Cell and Gene Therapy Site

    Four Female Leaders Appointed to Cell & Gene CDMO

    Strata Oncology Unveils Strata PATH Trial
    Filtration & Purification
    GMPs/GCPs
    Inspections
    QA/QC
    Regulatory Affairs
    Validation

    Guide to Maintaining Validation of Older Facilities: Why, When and How

    The Year of COVID: How FDA Coped with a Worldwide Pandemic in 2020 and What to Expect in 2021

    Top BioPharma Form Accumulus Synergy

    Global Biosciences Co. Selects ValGenesis VLMS

    Gene Therapy Co. Selects ValGenesis' SaaS Platform
    Companies
    Categories
    Corporate Capabilities
    Add New Company
    Contract Service Directory Companies
    PCI Pharma Services

    Emergent BioSolutions

    Syngene

    Reed-Lane

    Aphena Pharma Solutions
    Companies
    News Releases
    Posters
    Brochures
    Services
    Videos
    Case Study
    White Papers
    Jobs
    Contract Service Directory Companies
    PCI Pharma Services

    Alcami

    Cytovance Biologics

    Syngene

    Emergent BioSolutions
    Webinars
    Live From Shows
    • Magazine
      • Current / Back Issue
      • Features
      • Editorial
      • Columns
      • Editorial Guidelines
      • Subscribe Now
      • Advertise Now
      • Enewsletter Archive
      • Digital Edition
    • Directory
      • Companies
      • Categories
      • Corporate Capabilities
      • Add Your Company
    • Manufacturing
      • APIs
      • Aseptic Processing
      • Cleaning Validation
      • Clinical Trial Materials
      • Cytotoxics and High Potency Manufacturing
      • Equipment
      • Excipients
      • Extractables and Leachables
      • Facilities
      • Fill/Finish
      • Lyophilization
      • Parenterals
      • Process Development
      • Process Validation
      • Risk Management
      • Scale-up/ Technology Transfer
      • Solid Dosage/ Creams/ Ointments
      • cGMP Manufacture
    • Packaging
      • Capsules
      • Cold Chain Management
      • Injectables
      • Logistics
      • Serialization
      • Solid Dosage / Semi-solids
      • Supply Chain
      • Vials
    • Development
      • Analytical Services
      • Bioanalytical Services
      • Bioassay Developement
      • Biologics, Proteins, Vaccines
      • Biosimilars
      • Chemistry
      • Clinical Trials
      • Drug Delivery
      • Drug Development
      • Drug Discovery
      • Formulation Development
      • Information Technology
      • Laboratory Testing
      • Methods Development
      • Microbiology
      • Preclinical Outsourcing
      • R&D
      • Toxicology
    • Compliance
      • Filtration & Purification
      • GMPs/GCPs
      • Inspections
      • QA/QC
      • Regulatory Affairs
      • Validation
    • Top 25 Pharma & BioPharma
    • Contract Pharma Direct
    • Breaking News
    • Online Exclusives
    • Slideshows
    • Experts Opinions
    • Surveys
      • Outsourcing Survey
      • Salary Survey
    • Glossary
    • Videos
    • Podcasts
    • White Papers
    • Infographics
    • Contract Pharma Conference
      • Contract Pharma Conference
      • Speakers
      • Exhibitors
      • Conference Sessions
    • Supplier Microsite
      • Companies
      • News Releases
      • Posters
      • Brochures
      • Services
      • Videos
      • Case Study
      • White Papers
    • eBook
    • Webinars
    • Events
      • Industry Events
      • Live from Show Events
      • Webinars
    • Classifieds / Job Bank
      • Classifieds
      • Job Bank
    • About Us
      • About Us
      • Contact Us
      • Advertise With Us
      • Privacy Policy
      • Terms of Use
    Expert's Opinion

    The COVID-19 Pandemic Sheds Light on the Over-Reliance on Offshore Drug Manufacturers

    Four ideas to bring drug substance and drug product manufacturing back to the U.S.

    The COVID-19 Pandemic Sheds Light on the Over-Reliance on Offshore Drug Manufacturers
    Ed Price, President, Seqens North America06.29.20
    In a recent Contract Pharma article, I shared the challenges of working with Chinese manufacturers and questioned if these growing concerns are sparking a shift back to U.S. manufacturing. When I wrote that article, the COVID-19 crisis was mostly confined to China, yet now it has become a full-blown pandemic, which the U.S. is in the throes of today. Late last year I had the opportunity to testify on a panel in front of the House Select Committee on Health and Energy about  the nation’s over reliance on overseas manufacturing for many of our critical pharmaceutical products. If we only knew then what we know now.
     
    While China continues to try and right itself after it’s coronavirus peak, India, another major source of API and drug manufacturing and raw material procurement, is now critically being affected by the pandemic. Many contract development and manufacturing organizations (CDMOs) and contract research organizations (CROs) in India are currently shut down, and we’re seeing lead times for raw materials extended to 10-12 weeks, instead of the usual six-to-eight weeks. India is also one of “the world’s largest producers and exporters of drugs, yet India’s pharmaceutical companies source about 70% of their ingredients from Chinese factories.”
     
    The entire situation remains alarming. China is the second-largest exporter of drugs and biologics, or drugs from natural sources, to the United States and the largest for medical devices, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It is believed that about 80 percent of the APIs come from China and India. That supply chain is becoming increasingly at risk just when we need to have drug products to battle not only the coronavirus pandemic, but also heart disease, diabetes, cancer and other diseases. Today, U.S. hospitals and labs often don’t have enough of the reagents needed to deploy their COVID-19 testing kits.  And, generics, which make up 85 percent of the drugs taken by Americans, are at greatest risk.
     
    The pandemic reinforces the vulnerability of the U.S. when relying on critical ingredients from China and India. Yet, while the COVID-19 crisis has brought our reliance on India and China to the spotlight, there have been other reasons for concern. Issues with the quality of manufacturing have resulted in drug product recalls and dangerous repercussions of tainted drugs. 
     
    Unfortunately, these problems have been going on for a long time, and the coronavirus crisis may be the spark that ignites government initiatives and renewed commitment among U.S. pharmaceutical firms to bring manufacturing back to the U.S. There are several Senate and House committees drafting legislation to both promote and require the reshoring of our vulnerable pharmaceutical sector. There is a real opportunity to achieve something for the greater good of America, but the question remains, is there the will and leadership required to take on the powerful forces that got us to where we are today.

    The reality is that the value of drug substances and drug products in the generics sector in the U.S. has been rapidly decreasing year over year. Even though generics account for 85 percent of the prescriptions written in the U.S., there is still a continuous public and government push for cheaper medicines. No distinction is being made between branded and generic medicines, which only exacerbates the problem. This constant push for cheaper drugs without an understanding of where all the money goes increases the pressure on raw materials and manufacturing, to  where the cost savings can actually be achieved, overseas manufacturing.  If we increase the value of drug substances and drug products, reshoring will happen on its own.

    Unfortunately, there is no amount of legislative tax breaks or accelerated depreciation the government can offer that will change this dynamic and move the needle to help us reshore pharmaceutical manufacturing. As long as we tolerate a system that allows a typical $1200/kg drug substance to pass from an API supplier, to a generic manufacturer, to a wholesaler, then a distributer, a pharmacy benefit manager and finally to a pharmacy where each one is marking up the product they touch, nothing will change. Ultimately, that $1200/kg of API is converted into $20,000-$30,000 or more of pharmacy sales to the consumer. That same API may only cost $800/kg from China but the $400 we save going overseas is miniscule compared to the value in the system between the API manufacturer and the ultimate consumer where no value is  added. This is where both the problem and the opportunity lie.

    There is tremendous non added value that can be extracted from the system. It could be shared between both the drug substance/drug product manufacturers and consumers but will require a paradigm shift in how we sell and distribute pharmaceutical products in this country. The question is do we really have the will to do it or will we just wait until the next pandemic when we will most likely be in a worse position than we are now?

    Below are four  ideas that could  bring drug substance and drug product manufacturing back to the U.S.

    Reform the FDA
    The FDA has always been agnostic when it came to manufacturers, and no preference of any kind has ever been given to U.S. manufacturers. Yet, foreign manufacturers get two or more months of warning when inspections will take place. In the U.S., inspections are unannounced. When it comes to the review process the fact is many regulatory and government bodies around the world do give preference to their home manufacturers as subtle as they may be. The FDA shouldn’t compromise one bit on quality or GMPs, but when it comes to approvals and reviews the mindset needs to change and it should be America first, especially on competing products.
     
    Create an FDA reshoring task force
    The FDA should form a task force and identify the top 50 strategic pharmaceuticals we need to always have an adequate supply of. The truth is the facilities, technologies, and capacity for most if not all of those products are in the US already. If not then  change the market dynamics and American ingenuity and investors will make it happen. As part of this task force a new dedicated review team should be established who focus solely on approving the facilities and applications of manufacturers involved in the strategic top 50. Then after the top 50 are secure, start to work on the next 50 and so on. Within 5-7 years we could substantially reverse the trends of the last two to three decades.
     
    Create a separate semi-artificial market for the top 50 strategic products
    By combining the pharmaceutical spend of the strategic national stockpile, the states, Medicare, Medicaid, the VA and other, we could have billions of dollars at our disposal. If manufacturers could get a guaranteed supply contract and preferential review from the FDA, they would flock to the opportunity to make these vital strategic products. Since the government would be purchasing the products directly, by streamlining the supply chain, value would be created with no additional costs, making them economically viable. Instead of offering tax breaks and accelerated depreciation, if the government offered to offset some development and registration costs, manufacturers across the country would rush to sign up.  By increasing the value, while simultaneously reducing the commercial risk of developing products, we could instantly remove the two main barriers every pharmaceutical company faces in producing products in the U.S.
     
    Deregulate in order to remove contradictions
    The last ten years have seen an unprecedented level of regulations passed on many industries, not just pharmaceuticals. The alphabet soup list of agencies from both the states and federal government that regulate every aspect of a manufacturing business is simply overwhelming. At any given time a pharmaceutical business may have to deal with the EPA, FDA, OSHA, DEA, Dept. of Labor and a host of state agencies. It has become so burdensome that many of the agencies have contradictory regulations. For example a state agency might mandate a firm reduce its use of certain solvents in its manufacturing process, while the FDA would then issue a Form 483 for not following a filed DMF. The examples of contradictions are endless.
     
    It’s clear that many firms are struggling today because of the economic impact of coronavirus, so the idea of losing out on the cost savings achieved by offshoring drug manufacturing to India and China may seem unreasonable. Yet, as the crisis has demonstrated, the long-term implications of being reliant on other countries for critical drug supplies comes at a much higher cost that is too difficult to ignore. The simple fact is the value in the system is already there to make a real difference. It cost billions of dollars over many decades for us to become energy and food independent as a nation. Isn’t it even more important that we become pharmaceutically independent as well?

    Considering that it won’t take billions of dollars to solve this problem, just political will and  leadership, wouldn’t it be irresponsible not to do something?



    Ed Price is President and CEO of Seqens North America (formerly PCI Synthesis), an integrated global provider of pharmaceutical synthesis and specialty ingredients. From the company’s Newburyport, Mass. operations, Seqens N.A. provides emerging and mid-sized pharmaceutical companies access to the expertise needed to develop and manufacture complex small molecules.
     
     
     

    Related Expert's Opinion

    • Clinical Trials | Information Technology
      Top 5 Things to Know Before Selecting Clinical Trial Technology

      Top 5 Things to Know Before Selecting Clinical Trial Technology

      Look for a future-proof model, innovative vendors - not cutting-edge technology, and focus on user-centered design and interoperability.
      Andres Garcia, Co-founder and CTO Florence 02.08.21

    • Clinical Trials
      The Future of Clinical Trials Series: Part II

      The Future of Clinical Trials Series: Part II

      Greater awareness will ensure diversity is no longer an afterthought and patients will be at the center of every aspect of clinical research.
      Jena Daniels, Rasmus Hogreffe, Ingrid Oakley-Girvan, Dr. Michelle Longmire, Medable 01.26.21

    • Clinical Trials
      The Future of Clinical Trials Series: Part I

      The Future of Clinical Trials Series: Part I

      What will 2021 have in store for an industry in flux?
      Alison Holland, Head of Decentralized Trials, Medable, Maria Fotiu, Executive Vice President of Decentralized Solutions, Syneos Health 01.19.21


    • Clinical Trials | Drug Development | Information Technology
      Virtual Clinical Trials: The Future of Dermatology Studies

      Virtual Clinical Trials: The Future of Dermatology Studies

      COVID-19 has created lasting impacts for clinical trials and a host of benefits have arisen from the adoption of virtual and hybrid models.
      Sonja VanWye, RN, MSN, Director, Dermatology Strategy, IQVIA Biotech 01.15.21

    • Clinical Trials | Drug Development
      The Slow – But Desperately Needed – Evolution of Oncology Clinical Development Designs

      The Slow – But Desperately Needed – Evolution of Oncology Clinical Development Designs

      Appropriate adaptive designs in early stages of development can accelerate timelines and reduce costs, and help focus on the most promising agents.
      Jürgen Hummel, MSc, Senior Director, Statistical Science, PPD, and Lead of PPD’s Adaptive Design Working Group 01.07.21

    • Drug Development | Industry News | Regulatory Affairs
      The Year of COVID: How FDA Coped with a Worldwide Pandemic in 2020 and What to Expect in 2021

      The Year of COVID: How FDA Coped with a Worldwide Pandemic in 2020 and What to Expect in 2021

      A look at EUA standards and approvals, unavoidable pitfalls, Operation Warp Speed, FDA’s use of Real-World Evidence, and a slow return to "normalcy".
      Chad Landmon, Michelle Divelbiss and Alex Alfano, Axinn, Veltrop & Harkrider LLP's Intellectual Property and Food and Drug Administration Practice Groups 01.05.21


    • Cold Chain Management | Logistics
      COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution: The Air Cargo Industry’s Greatest Challenge

      COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution: The Air Cargo Industry’s Greatest Challenge

      How the air cargo logistics community is embracing technology to close critical gaps in the cold chain.
      Chris Jones, EVP, Marketing and Services, Descartes 12.15.20

    • Clinical Trials | Information Technology
      Life Sciences Strive for Greater Agility

      Life Sciences Strive for Greater Agility

      Embracing real-time drug safety monitoring during and post COVID will continue to propel the industry forward.
      Ronan Brown, SVP of Integrated Technology & Compliance, and Joe Rymsza, VP, Global PV & Regulatory Technology Solutions, IQVIA 12.14.20

    • Clinical Trials | Drug Development | Information Technology
      Advances in Intelligent Automation

      Advances in Intelligent Automation

      The future of medicine relies on further digital transformation and automation-enabling solutions to improve drug development and monitoring.
      Updesh Dosanjh, Practice Leader, Technology Solutions, IQVIA 12.14.20


    • Drug Development
      Navigating Uncertainty: Considerations for Life Sciences 2021

      Navigating Uncertainty: Considerations for Life Sciences 2021

      With vaccines against COVID-19 on the horizon, our focus is shifting to 2021 and the major issues life sciences companies face and reasons for optimism.
      Arda Ural , EY Americas Health Sciences and Wellness Industry Leader, Ernst & Young LLP 12.11.20

    • Information Technology | Supply Chain
      The Pandemic & The Pharma Industry: 3 Things to Know

      The Pandemic & The Pharma Industry: 3 Things to Know

      The importance of vendor contract visibility, an increase in intense legal scrutiny, and new technology for greater agility and control.
      Colin Earl, CTO at Agiloft 11.16.20

    • Clinical Trials | Information Technology
      AI and Advanced Analytics

      AI and Advanced Analytics

      Equipped with the right tools, CROs are better positioned to develop optimal protocols, rapidly identify patients to enroll, and preempt study issues.
      Paul Oliver, Medidata 11.13.20


    • Clinical Trials | Information Technology
      eCOA: Addressing Barriers to Faster Deployment in Clinical Trials

      eCOA: Addressing Barriers to Faster Deployment in Clinical Trials

      Clinical Outcome Assessments are an increasingly important tool in clinical research.
      Paul O'Donohoe, Scientific Lead, eCOA and Mobile Health, Medidata 11.13.20

    • Preparing to Adopt Intelligent Label Management

      Preparing to Adopt Intelligent Label Management

      The labeling process is highly complex and constantly in flux, making it ideal for digital transformation, but AI and ML cannot be implemented overnight.
      Kiran Chinnalla, Associate Director Global Regulatory Affairs, Julian Backhouse, Associate Director Regulatory Technology Product Management, Cham Williams, Associate Director Business Systems , IQVIA 11.13.20

    • Biologics, Proteins, Vaccines | Cold Chain Management | Logistics | Supply Chain
      Rising to The Occasion: The High Stakes of Vaccine Transport

      Rising to The Occasion: The High Stakes of Vaccine Transport

      How logistical precision can ensure safe and efficient delivery of the COVID-19 vaccine.
      Bill Brooks, Vice President of North America Transportation Portfolio at Capgemini 11.04.20

    Trending
    • Catalent Acquires Delphi Genetics
    • BMS Expands Cell Therapy Manufacturing Capabilities
    • AbbVie Opts To Acquire Mitokinin
    • Four Female Leaders Appointed To Cell & Gene CDMO
    • WuXi AppTec Completes OXGENE Acquisition
    Breaking News
    • Amgen to Acquire Five Prime Therapeutics for $1.9B
    • Genesis Drug Discovery & Development Acquires Integrated Analytical Solutions
    • CureVac, Novartis Ink COVID Vax Mfg. Pact
    • Innoforce and dMed Enter Development Collaboration
    • Matica Biotechnology Breaks Ground on Cell and Gene Therapy Site
    View Breaking News >
    CURRENT ISSUE

    March 2021

    • Hygienic Packaging Technology
    • Trends in Solid Oral Dosage Delivery
    • 5 Reasons Paper Has No Place in Contract Manufacturing
    • Injectable Drug Delivery Trends
    • Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Equipment Trends
    • Oral Solids: Market & Technology Trends
    • Nutraceutical Manufacturing: Meeting the Challenges of Today, Planning for Tomorrow
    • 2021 Contract Manufacturing Survey
    • Small Molecule Development Trends
    • Challenges & Opportunities Facing Small & Emerging Biopharma Companies
    • View More >

    Cookies help us to provide you with an excellent service. By using our website, you declare yourself in agreement with our use of cookies.
    You can obtain detailed information about the use of cookies on our website by clicking on "More information”.

    • About Us
    • Privacy Policy
    • Terms And Conditions
    • Contact Us

    follow us

    Subscribe
    Nutraceuticals World

    Latest Breaking News From Nutraceuticals World

    IFT Transitions 2021 Annual Event to Digital Experience
    NY Federal Judge Enters Permanent Injunction Against Dietary Supplement Manufacturer
    Statins May Contribute to Vascular Calcification by Inhibiting Vitamin K-Dependent Proteins
    Coatings World

    Latest Breaking News From Coatings World

    Chromaflo Technologies Adds Benjamin Woeste as Territory Sales Manager
    Maroon Group Acquires Cary Company's Raw Materials, Specialty Chemicals Distribution Business
    Matt Fogel Named Mule-Hide's Territory Manager – Southern Virginia
    Medical Product Outsourcing

    Latest Breaking News From Medical Product Outsourcing

    EchoNous Expands Its Kosmos Hardware Platform
    Medtronic Begins Trial to Assess Novel Ablation Tech to Treat AFib
    Europe's Cross-Border Medtech Deal Activity Rises in Q4 2020
    Contract Pharma

    Latest Breaking News From Contract Pharma

    Amgen to Acquire Five Prime Therapeutics for $1.9B
    Genesis Drug Discovery & Development Acquires Integrated Analytical Solutions
    CureVac, Novartis Ink COVID Vax Mfg. Pact
    Beauty Packaging

    Latest Breaking News From Beauty Packaging

    Estée Lauder Establishes Equity and Engagement Center of Excellence
    L'Oreal On How It Will Shape Beauty's Future at Today's Transparency Summit
    C.O. Bigelow Earns Praise as NYC's Oldest Family-Run Apothecary
    Happi

    Latest Breaking News From Happi

    Avon Launches Vegan Skin Care Line
    Inolex Appoints VP Marketing
    Decorté Launches AI Diagnostics in US
    Ink World

    Latest Breaking News From Ink World

    Massilly North America Adds Koenig & Bauer MetalStar 3 Metal Decorating Press
    Hydrocarbon Solvents Market to Surpass $8.1 Billion by 2030
    Access Direct Mail Doubles Revenue with SCREEN's Truepress Jet520HD
    Label & Narrow Web

    Latest Breaking News From Label & Narrow Web

    Henkel publishes 30th Sustainability Report
    Avery Dennison Smartrac launches new Circus Pro inlays
    Springfield Solutions highlights digital label embellishments
    Nonwovens Industry

    Latest Breaking News From Nonwovens Industry

    FPInnovations Develops Biodegradable Mask
    Sani Professional Sanitizing and Disinfecting Products Approved by EPA
    Autefa Solutions Offers Fully Automated Line for Protective Mask Production
    Orthopedic Design & Technology

    Latest Breaking News From Orthopedic Design & Technology

    Bioventus Appoints Managing Director, China and Asia Pacific
    Full-Year Sales Down 12 Percent at Zimmer Biomet
    Lincotek Medical Expands Coatings and Additive Capacity
    Printed Electronics Now

    Latest Breaking News From Printed Electronics Now

    Comercial Kywi Improves Customer Service, Front-Store Operations with Zebra Mobile Solution
    Global Printed Circuit Board Market Projected to Reach $69.32 Billion by 2027
    Global Smart Glass Market to Register 6.8% CAGR Between 2021-28: Grand View Research

    Copyright © 2021 Rodman Media. All rights reserved. Use of this constitutes acceptance of our privacy policy The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Rodman Media.

    AD BLOCKER DETECTED

    Our website is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors.
    Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker.


    FREE SUBSCRIPTION Already a subscriber? Login